Category: 1910-85-6

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Utilisation of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy as an adjunctive tool for open flap debridement in the management of chronic periodontitis: A randomized controlled clinical trial

Background: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has proved to be an effective adjunctive modality with potential benefits in the management of chronic periodontitis. The combination of photothermal and photodynamic effects of Indocyanine green (ICG) dye, when it is photoactivated with a diode laser of 810 nm wavelength, has been well documented in literature. Aim: This study was conducted to evaluate whether a single session of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy using ICG dye-810 nm diode laser combination can provide a substantial benefit when it is utilised as an adjunct to open flap debridement (OFD) in the management of chronic periodontitis. Materials and method: Following thorough scaling and root planing, a comparative split mouth randomized controlled clinical trial was carried out on 20 recruited subjects who provided one test (OFD + aPDT) and one control site (OFD alone) each (total 40 treatment sites). The test group was subjected to a single episode of aPDT using ICG photosensitiser dye (1 mg/ml) activated with 810 nm diode laser. The laser was used in a continuous wave, non-contact mode at a power output of 100 mW applied for 30 s/spot (the total of 4 spots per tooth) and delivered by 400 mum fibre, to provide a fluence (energy density) value of 0.0125 J/cm? per spot and generate a total energy of 3 J. The following clinical parameters were assessed at baseline and 3 months: probing pocket depth (PPD), relative attachment level (RAL), relative gingival margin level (RGML), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and gingival bleeding index (GBI). Intragroup and intergroup comparison was performed using paired t-test and independent samples t-test respectively. Results: Intragroup comparison revealed a statistically significant improvement from baseline visit (p < 0.05). Intergroup comparison showed a statistically significant improvement in RAL, RGML and GI in the test group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Utilisation of ICG dye activated with 810 nm diode laser, which mediated aPDT, has demonstrated surplus clinical improvement following OFD in the management of chronic periodontitis. Note that a catalyst decreases the activation energy for both the forward and the reverse reactions and hence accelerates both the forward and the reverse reactions.name: 1-Chloro-10H-phenothiazine, you can also check out more blogs aboutname: 1-Chloro-10H-phenothiazine

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Thiazine – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics,
Thiazine | C4H5NS – PubChem

 

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The effects of repeated applications of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in the treatment of residual periodontal pockets: a systematic review

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of repeated applications of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) on the non-surgical periodontal treatment of residual pockets. This work was performed and reported according to the Cochrane and PRISMA recommendations, respectively, and registered at the PROSPERO registry (number CRD42017058403). An extensive search of the biomedical literature was conducted on four databases from January 1960 to August 2018, followed by hand searching. Analysis of the quality of the selected studies was based on the risk of bias. Only two randomised controlled clinical trials (RCTs) met the inclusion criteria although they had unclear risk of bias. One study showed that repeated applications of aPDT in association with conventional non-surgical treatment during periodontal maintenance improved all clinical outcomes after 6?months. The other study, which assessed the effects of repeated applications of aPDT in association with ultrasound debridement on periodontal pathogens, showed no significant reduction of the main pathogens after 3?6?months but reported reductions of probing pocket depth and C-reactive protein after 3 and 6?months, respectively, compared to mechanical therapy alone. Concluding, it was not possible to state that repeated applications of aPDT, in association with non-surgical treatment of residual pockets, have effective clinical effects in the periodontal maintenance therapy. Although one can consider that aPDT is a promising adjuvant therapy, it is still necessary to carry out more RCTs with low risk of bias in order to confirm or refute the benefits of multiple applications for residual periodontal pockets.

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Thiazine – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics,
Thiazine | C4H5NS – PubChem

 

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Photodynamic therapy in the control of endodontic infections

Introduction: Effective decontamination of the root canal system is key to the success of endodontic treatment. Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) may be an important tool in the reduction of root canal pathogens. Objectives: This study aimed to review the literature on the use of this therapy in Endodontics, and which clinical protocol has been used. Methods: A literature search was carried out using the following databases: PubMed and Scielo, and the following key-words: endodontics; photodynamic therapy; photodynamic therapy endodontics; light-activated disinfection root canal; light activated disinfection endodontics; photo-activated disinfection endodontics; photo-activated disinfection. Results: We selected 18 articles which fit the inclusion criteria: original and relevant articles, clinical and laboratory research, in permanent human teeth, as well as articles reporting the use of photodynamic therapy as a single or adjunct treatment to root canal disinfection, in addition to its efficacy in bacterial reduction. Conclusions: PDT has been shown to be an effective method in microbial reduction of root canals; however, it should be used as an additional method to conventional treatment.

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Thiazine – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics,
Thiazine | C4H5NS – PubChem

 

Chemistry can be defined as the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Application In Synthesis of 1-Chloro-10H-phenothiazine. You¡¯ll sometimes hear it called the central science because it is the connection between physics and all the other sciences, starting with biology.1910-85-6, Name is 1-Chloro-10H-phenothiazine, molecular formula is C12H8ClNS, introducing its new discovery.

Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy has an overt killing effect on periodontal pathogens? A systematic review of experimental studies

The periodontal disease (PD) etiology is mainly associated with some bacterial strains, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis). Nonsurgical root scaling (e.g., antibiotics) may achieve a temporary decrease in the P. gingivalis level, yet it cannot eradicate the microorganism. Moreover, antibiotics can lead to bacterial resistance and undesirable side effects. This systematic review was performed to identify animal data defining antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PACT) role on experimental PD models in the treatment of P. gingivalis. Embase, MEDLINE, and PubMed were examined for studies published from January 1980 to August 2018. MeSH terms and Scopus data were used to find more related keywords. Four studies were selected and reviewed by two independent researches with a structured tool for rating the research quality. The beneficial effect of PACT included reductions in P. gingivalis counts, bleeding on probing, redness, and inflammation on multiple sites (i.e., first molar, dental implants; subgingival; and mandibular premolars). Although our results suggest that PACT displays antimicrobial action on P. gingivalis, thus improving the PD, a nonuniformity in the PACT protocol and the limited number of studies included lead to consider that the bactericidal efficacy of PACT against periodontal pathogens in PD remains unclear.

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Thiazine – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics,
Thiazine | C4H5NS – PubChem

 

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Bactericidal efficacy of photodynamic therapy against Enterococcus faecalis in infected root canals: A systematic literature review

Objective: The aim was to review the bactericidal efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) in infected root canals. Methods: To address the focused question “Does PDT exhibit bactericidal effects against E. faecalis in infected root canals?” PubMed/Medline and Google-Scholar databases were searched from 1985 up to August 2013 using various combinations of the following key words: “antibacterial; “bactericidal; “endodontic; “root canal” and “photodynamic therapy”. Original studies, experimental studies and articles published only in English language were included. Letters to the editor, historic reviews and unpublished data were excluded. The pattern of the present review was customized to primarily summarize the pertinent information. Results: Seventeen studies (16 ex vivo and one in vivo) were included. In these studies, numbers of teeth used ranged between 30 and 220 teeth. In these studies, wavelengths of diode laser used, diameter of fiber and power output ranged between 625 and 805. nm, 200. mum and 0.4. cm, and 40. mW and 5. W respectively. Twelve studies reported PDT to be effective in eliminating E. faecalis from infected root canals. Four studies reported conventional irrigation and instrumentation to be more efficient in killing E. faecalis than PDT. One study reported PDT and conventional endodontic regimes to be equally effective in eliminating E. faecalis from infected root canals. In most studies, toluidine blue and/or methylene blue were used as photosensitizers. Conclusion: Efficacy of PDT in eliminating E. faecalis from infected root canals remains questionable.

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Thiazine – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics,
Thiazine | C4H5NS – PubChem

 

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Bactericidal efficacy of photodynamic therapy against Enterococcus faecalis in infected root canals: A systematic literature review

Objective: The aim was to review the bactericidal efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) in infected root canals. Methods: To address the focused question “Does PDT exhibit bactericidal effects against E. faecalis in infected root canals?” PubMed/Medline and Google-Scholar databases were searched from 1985 up to August 2013 using various combinations of the following key words: “antibacterial; “bactericidal; “endodontic; “root canal” and “photodynamic therapy”. Original studies, experimental studies and articles published only in English language were included. Letters to the editor, historic reviews and unpublished data were excluded. The pattern of the present review was customized to primarily summarize the pertinent information. Results: Seventeen studies (16 ex vivo and one in vivo) were included. In these studies, numbers of teeth used ranged between 30 and 220 teeth. In these studies, wavelengths of diode laser used, diameter of fiber and power output ranged between 625 and 805. nm, 200. mum and 0.4. cm, and 40. mW and 5. W respectively. Twelve studies reported PDT to be effective in eliminating E. faecalis from infected root canals. Four studies reported conventional irrigation and instrumentation to be more efficient in killing E. faecalis than PDT. One study reported PDT and conventional endodontic regimes to be equally effective in eliminating E. faecalis from infected root canals. In most studies, toluidine blue and/or methylene blue were used as photosensitizers. Conclusion: Efficacy of PDT in eliminating E. faecalis from infected root canals remains questionable.

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Reference£º
Thiazine – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics,
Thiazine | C4H5NS – PubChem

 

Chemistry can be defined as the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Recommanded Product: 1-Chloro-10H-phenothiazine. You¡¯ll sometimes hear it called the central science because it is the connection between physics and all the other sciences, starting with biology.1910-85-6, Name is 1-Chloro-10H-phenothiazine, molecular formula is C12H8ClNS, introducing its new discovery.

Clinical efficacy of photodynamic therapy and laser irradiation as an adjunct to open flap debridement in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analyses was to assess the quality of evidence and efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and laser irradiation (LI) as an adjunct to open flap debridement (OFD) in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. Methods: Electronic searches were conducted in databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register databases) up to March 2019. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing clinical efficacy of either aPDT and/or LI, placebo, or no treatment were included. Primary outcomes included clinical attachment level (CAL), while secondary outcomes were reduction in probing depth (PD) and gingival recession (GR) depth. The weighted mean differences (WMD) of outcomes and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each variable were calculated using random effect model. Results: Six RCTs were included. For aPDT studies, the overall mean difference for CAL gain (WMD?=??0.61, 95% CI?=??1.22 to ?0.016, P?=.044) and PD reduction (WMD?=??1.79, 95% CI?=??3.44 to ?0.14, P?=.034) was significant between aPDT and OFD groups at follow-up. No significant overall mean difference was observed for GR depth (WMD?=?0.02, 95% CI?=??0.75 to 0.79, P?=.95). For LI studies, none of the clinical periodontal parameters including CAL gain (WMD?=?0.23, 95% CI?=??0.09 to 0.55, P?=.159, Figure 3A), PD reduction (WMD?=?0.31, 95% CI?=??0.67 to 1.31, P?=.52, Figure 3B) and GR depth (WMD?=??0.34, 95% CI?=??2.47 to 1.78, P?=.74, Figure 3C) were found to be significant between LI and OFD groups at follow-up. Conclusion: With the limited data available, only aPDT as an adjunct to OFD showed superior results for clinical periodontal parameters compared to OFD alone in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. Further RCTs are warranted in order to obtain robust conclusions with regard to laser therapy.

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Thiazine – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics,
Thiazine | C4H5NS – PubChem

 

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Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of periodontal diseases: A literature review

Aim: Periodontal diseases remain a challenging clinical condition and hence existing literature showed no consensus on the best treatment option for disease control. The aim of this review was to provide a comprehensive overview of exciting clinical evidence on the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the treatment of periodontal diseases. Materials and Method: A literature review was performed using MEDLINE, PubMed, Wiley, ScienceDirect, and Scopus using the terms PDT, periodontal disease, laser, scaling and root planning, chronic periodontitis, and aggressive periodontitis. Results: Of a total of 149 articles appeared from various sources, 147 articles were screened and 36 were related to the research objective. Adjunctive therapy with PDT may promote additional clinical and microbiological outcomes. Conclusion: Little information is available with regard to PDT photosensitizers, wavelength, number of sessions, and duration. Therefore, large randomized control trials with longer follow-up are needed to assess the potential of PDT in the treatment of periodontal disease.

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Thiazine – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics,
Thiazine | C4H5NS – PubChem

 

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Effect of photodynamic and laser therapy in the treatment of peri-implant mucositis: A systematic review

Background The present study systematically reviewed the literature to investigate the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) or laser therapy (LT) in the management of peri-implant mucositis (p-iM). Methods The electronic databases were searched until October 2017. Outcome measures were bleeding on probing (BOP), plaque index (PI), or probing depth (PD). The addressed PICO question was: ?Is PDT and LT effective in the management of p-iM?? Results A total of five studies included in the qualitative analysis, two of which had a low risk of bias. Three studies used PDT while two studies used LT. All studies reported a significant improvement in clinical peri-implant inflammatory parameters in p-iM. For PDT, one study demonstrated a significant reduction for PDT group as compared to manual debridement (MD), while one study indicated comparable outcomes when tested with probiotics at follow-up. One study used PDT alone and indicated significant improvements in peri-implant parameters at follow-up. However, in the studies using LT, one study demonstrated a significant improvement in peri-implant parameters as compared to scaling and root planing alone, while other study indicated comparable outcomes when compared with manual debridement/chlorhexidine group at follow-up. Conclusion This systematic review demonstrated inconclusive findings to show the effect of PDT or LT in the management of p-iM due to methodological heterogeneity such as non-standard control groups, laser parameters and short follow-up period. The results of this review should be considered preliminary and further, more robust, well-designed studies with long-term follow up and standardized comparators with laser parameters are warranted.

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Thiazine – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics,
Thiazine | C4H5NS – PubChem

 

Chemistry is an experimental science, and the best way to enjoy it and learn about it is performing experiments.Introducing a new discovery about1910-85-6., COA of Formula: C12H8ClNS

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for the treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis: A histopathological evaluation

Introduction: This study evaluated the in vivo response of apical and periapical tissues of dogs’ teeth with apical periodontitis after one-session endodontic treatment with and without antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). Methods: Sixty root canals with experimentally induced apical periodontitis were instrumented and assigned to 4 groups receiving aPDT and root canal filling (RCF) or not: group aPDT+/RCF+ (n = 20): aPDT (photosensitizer phenothiazine chloride at 10 mg/mL for 3 minutes and diode laser [lambda = 660 nm, 60 mW/cm2] for 1 minute) and RCF in the same session; group aPDT+/RCF- (n = 10); group aPDT-/RCF+ (n = 20), and group aPDT-/RCF- (n = 10). Teeth were restored, and the animals were killed after 90 days. Sections from the maxillas and mandibles were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Mallory trichrome and examined under light microscopy. Descriptive (ie, newly formed apical mineralized tissue, periapical inflammatory infiltrate, apical periodontal ligament thickness, and mineralized tissue resorption) and quantitative (ie, periapical lesion size and number of inflammatory cells) microscopic analysis was performed. Quantitative data were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests (alpha =.05). Results: In the aPDT-treated groups, the periapical region was moderately/severely enlarged with no inflammatory cells, moderate neoangiogenesis and fibrogenesis, and the smallest periapical lesions. Conclusions: Although apical closure by mineralized tissue deposition was not achieved, the absence of inflammatory cells, moderate neoangiogenesis, and fibrogenesis in the periapical region in the groups treated with aPDT indicate that this can be a promising adjunct therapy to cleaning and shaping procedures in teeth with apical periodontitis undergoing one-session endodontic treatment. Copyright

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Thiazine – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics,
Thiazine | C4H5NS – PubChem